Invega Trinza

Paliperidone palmitate.

Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) contains 175, 263, 350, or 525 mg paliperidone (as 273, 410, 546, or 819 mg of paliperidone palmitate, respectively).
The chemical name is (±)-3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate.
It is a prolonged-release suspension in pre-filled syringes.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: The excipients are citric acid monohydrate, polyethylene glycol 4000, polysorbate 20, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, sodium hydroxide, and water for injection.

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action: Paliperidone palmitate, the active ingredient in Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), is a psychotropic agent belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives (atypical neuroleptic antipsychotic). Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) contains a racemic mixture of (+)- and (-)- paliperidone.
Paliperidone palmitate is hydrolyzed to paliperidone (see Toxicology: Non-Clinical Information as follows). Paliperidone is a centrally active dopamine D₂ antagonist with predominant serotonergic 5-HT_2A antagonistic activity. Paliperidone is also active as an antagonist at α₁ and α₂ adrenergic receptors and H₁ histaminergic receptors. Paliperidone has no affinity for cholinergic muscarinic or β₁- and β₂-adrenergic receptors. The pharmacological activity of the (+)- and (-)- paliperidone enantiomers is qualitatively and quantitatively similar.
The mechanism of action of paliperidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown. It has been proposed that the therapeutic activity of paliperidone in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine Type 2 (D₂) and serotonin Type 2 (5HT_2A) receptor antagonism. Antagonism at receptors other than D₂ and 5HT_2A may explain some of the other effects of paliperidone.
Effect on QT/QTc interval and cardiac electrophysiology: The effects of paliperidone on the QT interval were evaluated in a double-blind, active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg single dose), multicenter Thorough QT study with oral paliperidone in adults with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and in four fixed-dose efficacy studies and one maintenance study of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product.
In the Thorough QT study (n = 141), the 8 mg dose of immediate-release oral paliperidone (n=50) showed a mean placebo-subtracted increase from baseline in QTcLD (QT interval corrected for heart rate using the population specified linear derived method) of 12.3 msec (90% CI: 8.9; 15.6) on day 8 at 1.5 hours post-dose. The mean steady-state peak plasma concentration for this 8 mg dose of paliperidone immediate release (C_{max ss} = 113 ng/mL) was approximately 2-fold the exposure with the maximum recommended 525 mg dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administered in the deltoid muscle (predicted median C_{max ss} = 56 ng/mL). In this same study, a 4 mg dose of the immediate-release oral formulation of paliperidone, for which C_{max ss} = 35 ng/mL, showed an increased placebo-subtracted QTcLD of 6.8 msec (90% CI: 3.6; 10.1) on day 2 at 1.5 hours post-dose.
In the four fixed-dose efficacy studies of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product, no subject had a change in QTcLD exceeding 60 msec and no subject had a QTcLD value of > 500 msec at any time point. In the maintenance study, no subject had a QTcLD change > 60 msec, and one subject had a QTcLD value of 507 msec (Bazett's QT corrected interval [QTcB] value of 483 msec); this latter subject also had a heart rate of 45 beats per minute.
In the long-term relapse prevention trial of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) in subjects with schizophrenia, an increase in QTcLD exceeding 60 msec was observed in 1 subject (< 1%) in the open-label phase, no subject had an increase in QTcLD exceeding 60 msec after treatment with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) in the double-blind phase, and no subject had a QTcLD value of > 480 msec at any point in the study.
Clinical efficacy: The efficacy of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) for the treatment of schizophrenia in subjects who have been adequately treated for at least 4 months with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product was evaluated in a long-term double-blind, placebo-controlled relapse prevention/randomized withdrawal study and in a long-term double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority study.
Relapse prevention/randomized withdrawal study: Adult subjects who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia could enter the study with acute symptoms (if previously treated with oral antipsychotics) or be clinically stable (if treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics [LAI]). All subjects who previously received oral antipsychotics received the paliperidone palmitate 1-month initiation regimen (deltoid injections of 234 mg and 156 mg one week apart), while those subjects switching from LAI medication were treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product in place of the next scheduled injection. Specifically: For subjects entering the study who were already being treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product, their dosing remained unchanged. Subjects who were currently receiving the 39 mg dose of 1-month paliperidone palmitate were not eligible to enroll in the study.
Subjects entering the study who were being treated with 25 mg, 37.5 mg, or 50 mg of Risperidone (Risperdal Consta) (risperidone long-acting injection) were switched to 78 mg, 117 mg, or 156 mg, respectively, of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate administered in the deltoid muscle.
Subjects entering the study who were being treated with any other LAI product were switched to 234 mg of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate administered in the deltoid muscle.
This study consisted of the following three treatment periods: A 17-week flexible-dose open-label period with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate (first part of a 29-week open-label stabilization phase). A total of 506 subjects entered this phase of the study. Dosing of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate was individualized based on symptom response, tolerability, and previous medication history. Specifically, the dose could be adjusted at the week 5 and 9 injections and the injection site could be deltoid or gluteal. The week 13 dose had to be the same as the week 9 dose. Subjects had to be clinically stable at the end of this period before receiving Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) at the week 17 visit. Clinical stability was defined as achieving a PANSS total score < 70 at week 17.
A 12-week open-label treatment period with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) (second part of a 29-week open-label stabilization phase). A total of 379 subjects received a single dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) which was a 3.5 multiple of the last dose of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate. Subjects had to remain clinically stable before entry into the next period (double-blind). Clinical stability was defined as achieving a PANSS total score < 70 and scores of ≤ 4 for PANSS items P1, P2, P3, P6, P7, G8, and G14 at the end of this 12-week period (week 29 of the study).
A variable length double-blind treatment period. In this period, 305 stabilized subjects were randomized 1:1 to continue treatment with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) or placebo until relapse, early withdrawal, or the end of study. Subjects were randomized to the same dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) they received during the open-label phase (i.e., 273 mg, 410 mg, 546 mg, or 819 mg) or to placebo administered every 12 weeks. The numbers (%) of subjects entering double-blind on each of the dose levels were 6 (4%) for 175 mg, 15 (9%) for 263 mg, 78 (49%) for 350 mg, and 61 (38%) for 525 mg.
The primary efficacy variable was time to first relapse. Relapse was pre-defined as emergence of one or more of the following: psychiatric hospitalization, ≥ 25% increase (if the baseline score was > 40) or a 10-point increase (if the baseline score was ≤ 40) in total PANSS score on two consecutive assessments, deliberate self-injury, violent behavior, suicidal/homicidal ideation, or a score of ≥ 5 (if the maximum baseline score was ≤ 3) or ≥ 6 (if the maximum baseline score was 4) on two consecutive assessments of the individual PANSS items P1 (Delusions), P2 (Conceptual disorganization), P3 (Hallucinatory behavior), P6 (Suspiciousness/persecution), P7 (Hostility), or G8 (Uncooperativeness).
A pre-planned interim analysis showed a statistically significantly longer time to relapse in subjects treated with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) compared to placebo, and the study was stopped early because efficacy was demonstrated. The most common reason for relapse observed across both treatment groups was increase in the PANSS total score value, followed by psychiatric hospitalization.
The mean (SD) duration of exposure during the double-blind phase was 150 (79) days in the placebo group and 175 (90) days in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group. Twenty-three percent (23%) of subjects in the placebo group and 7.4% of subjects in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group experienced a relapse event. The hazard ratio for relapse (placebo/Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza)) was 3.45 (95% CI: 1.73, 6.88) indicating a 71% decrease in relapse risk with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza). There was a significant difference (p-value <0.001) between the treatment groups in favor of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza). A Kaplan-Meier plot of time to relapse by treatment group is shown in Figure 1. The median time to relapse (the time at which the cumulative survival function equals 0.5, or 50%) for subjects in the placebo group (274 days) was significantly shorter than for the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group (which could not be estimated as less than 15% of the remaining patients at any time during the trial experienced a relapse).
An examination of population subgroups did not reveal any clinically significant differences in responsiveness on the basis of gender, age, or race. (See Figure 1.)

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Noninferiority study: In the noninferiority study, 1429 acutely ill subjects (baseline mean PANSS total score: 85.7) were enrolled into the open-label phase and treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product for 17 weeks. The dose could be adjusted (i.e., 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, or 150 mg) at the week 5 and 9 injections and the injection site could be deltoid or gluteal. For subjects that met randomization criteria at weeks 14 and 17, 1016 were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to continue on monthly injections of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product or to switch to Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with a 3.5 multiple of the week 9 and 13 dose of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product for 48 weeks. Subjects received Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) once every 3 months and received placebo injectable medication for the other months to maintain the blind.
The primary efficacy endpoint of the study was the percentage of subjects who had not relapsed at the end of the 48-week double-blind phase based on the Kaplan-Meier 48-week estimate (Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza): 91.2%, 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product: 90.0%). The mean (SD) duration of exposure during the double-blind phase was 295 (88) days in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group and 287 (96) days in the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product group. The median time to relapse in either group could not be estimated due to low percentage of subjects with relapse. The difference (95% CI) between the treatment groups was 1.2% (-2.7%, 5.1%), meeting the pre-specified noninferiority criterion based on a margin of -15%. Thus, the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) treatment group was noninferior to the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product. Improvements in functioning, as measured by the Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP), which was observed during the open-label stabilization phase were maintained during the double-blind phase for both treatment groups. (See Figure 2.)

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The efficacy results were consistent across population subgroups (gender, age, and race) in both studies.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption and distribution: Due to its extremely low water solubility, the 3-month formulation of paliperidone palmitate dissolves slowly after intramuscular injection before being hydrolyzed to paliperidone and absorbed into the systemic circulation. The release of the drug starts as early as day 1 and lasts for as long as 18 months.
The data presented in this paragraph are based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Following a single intramuscular dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the plasma concentrations of paliperidone gradually rise to reach maximum plasma concentrations at a median T_max of 30-33 days. Following intramuscular injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) at doses of 175-525 mg in the deltoid muscle, on average, an 11-12% higher C_max was observed compared with injection in the gluteal muscle. The release profile and dosing regimen of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) results in sustained therapeutic concentrations. The total exposure of paliperidone following Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration was dose-proportional over a 175-525 mg dose range, and approximately dose-proportional for C_max. The mean steady-state peak:trough ratio for a Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose was 1.6 following gluteal administration and 1.7 following deltoid administration. Following administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the apparent volume of distribution of paliperidone is 1960 L.
The plasma protein binding of racemic paliperidone is 74%.
Following administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the (+) and (-) enantiomers of paliperidone interconvert, reaching an AUC (+) to (-) ratio of approximately 1.7-1.8.
Metabolism and excretion: In a study with oral immediate-release ¹⁴C-paliperidone, one week following administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg immediate-release ¹⁴C-paliperidone, 59% of the dose was excreted unchanged into urine, indicating that paliperidone is not extensively metabolized in the liver. Approximately 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and 11% in the feces. Four metabolic pathways have been identified in vivo, none of which accounted for more than 10% of the dose: dealkylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and benzisoxazole scission. Although in vitro studies suggested a role for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of paliperidone, there is no evidence in vivo that these isozymes play a significant role in the metabolism of paliperidone. Population pharmacokinetics analyses indicated no discernible difference on the apparent clearance of paliperidone after administration of oral paliperidone between extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates. In vitro studies in human liver microsomes showed that paliperidone does not substantially inhibit the metabolism of medicines metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8/9/10, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5.
In vitro studies have shown that paliperidone is a P-gp substrate and a weak inhibitor of P-gp at high concentrations. No in vivo data are available and the clinical relevance is unknown.
Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, the median apparent half-life of paliperidone following Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration over the dose range of 175-525 mg ranged from 84-95 days following deltoid injections and 118-139 days following gluteal injections.
Long-acting 3-month paliperidone palmitate injection versus other paliperidone formulations: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is designed to deliver paliperidone over a 3-month period, while 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection is administered on a monthly basis. Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), when administered at doses that are 3.5-fold higher than the corresponding dose of 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection, results in paliperidone exposures similar to those obtained with corresponding monthly doses of 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection and corresponding once daily doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets. The exposure range for Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is encompassed within the exposure range for the approved dose strengths of paliperidone extended-release tablets.
Figure 3 presents the population predicted median pharmacokinetic profiles for paliperidone following Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration using the 350 mg and 525 mg doses compared to the administration of monthly injections of 100 mg and 150 mg 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection and to oral extended-release tablet administration (8 mg or 12 mg). Treatment with 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection for at least 4 months prior to initiating treatment with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) resulted in maintenance of steady-state paliperidone plasma exposures. (See Figure 3.)

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Special populations: Elderly (65 years of age and older): No dosage adjustment is recommended based on age alone. However, dose adjustment may be required because of age-related decreases in creatinine clearance (see Renal impairment as follows and Dosage & Administration).
Renal impairment: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) has not been systematically studied in patients with renal impairment. The disposition of a single oral dose of a paliperidone 3 mg extended-release tablet was studied in subjects with varying degrees of renal function. Elimination of paliperidone decreased with decreasing estimated creatinine clearance. Total clearance of paliperidone was reduced in subjects with impaired renal function by 32% on average in mild (CrCl = 50 to < 80 mL/min), 64% in moderate (CrCl = 30 to < 50 mL/min), and 71% in severe (CrCl = 10 to < 30 mL/min) renal impairment, corresponding to an average increase in exposure (AUC_inf) of 1.5, 2.6, and 4.8 fold, respectively, compared to healthy subjects. Based on a limited number of observations with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) in subjects with mild renal impairment and pharmacokinetic simulations, the initiation and maintenance dose of 1-month paliperidone palmitate injection should be reduced in patients with mild renal impairment. Subjects can be transitioned over to Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) using the corresponding 3.5-multiple dose for mild renal impaired subjects. No additional dose reduction upon starting Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is necessary. (See Dosage & Administration.)
Hepatic impairment: Paliperidone is not extensively metabolized in the liver. Although Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) was not studied in patients with hepatic impairment, no dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. In a study with oral paliperidone in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B), the plasma concentrations of free paliperidone were similar to those of healthy subjects. Paliperidone has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Race: Population pharmacokinetics analysis of data from studies with oral paliperidone revealed no evidence of race-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone following Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration.
Gender: No clinically significant differences were observed between men and women.
Smoking status: Based on in vitro studies utilizing human liver enzymes, paliperidone is not a substrate for CYP1A2; smoking should, therefore, not have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone. Consistent with these in vitro results, population pharmacokinetic evaluation based on data from studies with the 1-month paliperidone injectable product has not revealed any differences between smokers and non-smokers.
Body Mass Index (BMI)/Body Weight: No dose adjustment is needed based on BMI. Lower C_max was observed in overweight and obese subjects. At apparent steady-state with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the trough concentrations were similar among normal, overweight, and obese subjects.
Toxicology: Non-Clinical Information: As with other drugs that antagonize dopamine D₂ receptors, intramuscularly-injected paliperidone palmitate, as well as orally-dosed paliperidone, elevated serum prolactin levels in repeat-dose toxicity studies.
In a 7-week juvenile toxicity study in rats with oral doses of paliperidone of 0.16, 0.63, and 2.5 mg/kg/day, which are 0.12, 0.5, and 1.8 times the maximum recommended human oral dose of 12 mg/day for adolescents on a mg/m² basis, no effects on growth, sexual maturation, and reproductive performance were observed. Oral doses up to 2.5 mg/kg/day did not impair neurobehavioral development in males and females, except for an effect on learning and memory in female rats treated at 2.5 mg/kg/day. This effect was not observed after discontinuation of treatment.
In a 40-week study in juvenile dogs treated with oral risperidone (which is extensively converted to paliperidone) at doses of 0.31, 1.25, and 5 mg/kg/day, sexual maturation was not adversely affected at 0.31 and 1.25 mg/kg/day. Long bone growth was not affected at 0.31 mg/kg/day; effects were observed at 1.25 and 5 mg/kg/day.
Carcinogenicity: The carcinogenic potential of intramuscularly injected paliperidone palmitate was assessed in rats. There was a statistically significant increase in mammary gland adenocarcinomas in female rats at 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/month, which are 0.2, 0.6, and 1.1 times the maximum recommended Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) human dose of 525 mg on a mg/m² body surface area basis. Male rats showed a statistically significant increase in mammary gland adenomas and carcinomas at 30 and 60 mg/kg/month which is 1.3 and 2.5 times the maximum recommended human 525 mg dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) on a mg/m² basis.
The carcinogenic potential of oral paliperidone, an active metabolite of risperidone, was assessed based on studies with risperidone conducted in mice and rats. Risperidone was administered at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day for 18 months to mice and for 25 months to rats. There were statistically significant increases in pituitary gland adenomas, endocrine pancreas adenomas, and mammary gland adenocarcinomas. An increase in mammary, pituitary, and endocrine pancreas tumors has been found in rodents after chronic administration of other antipsychotic drugs and is considered to be mediated by prolonged dopamine D₂ antagonism. The relevance of these tumor findings in rodents in terms of human risk is unknown.
Mutagenicity: No evidence of mutagenic potential for paliperidone was found in the Ames reverse mutation test, the mouse lymphoma assay, or the rat micronucleus test. Paliperidone palmitate showed no genotoxic properties in the Ames reverse mutation test or the mouse lymphoma assay.
Fertility: Although oral paliperidone treatment resulted in prolactin- and CNS-mediated effects, the fertility of male and female rats was not affected. At a maternally toxic dose, female rats showed a slightly lower number of live embryos.

Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), a 3-month injection, is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients who have been adequately treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product for at least four months.

Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is to be used only after the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product has been established as adequate treatment for at least four months. In order to establish a consistent maintenance dose, it is recommended that the last two doses of the 1-month injection be the same dosage strength before starting Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Dosage: Initiate Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) at the time when the next 1-month paliperidone palmitate dose was to be scheduled with an Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose based on the previous 1-month injection dose as shown in Table 1. Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) may be administered up to 7 days before or after the monthly time point of the next scheduled paliperidone palmitate 1-month dose. (See Table 1.)

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Following the initial Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose, Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be administered every 3 months. If needed, dose adjustment can be made every 3 months in increments within the range of 175 mg to 525 mg based on individual patient tolerability and/or efficacy. Due to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the patient's response to an adjusted dose may not be apparent for several months (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Missed dose(s): Dosing window: Missing doses of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be avoided. However, on exceptional occasions, patients may be given the injection up to 2 weeks before or after the 3-month time point.
Missed dose > 3½ months up to 4 months: If more than 3½ months (up to 4 months) have elapsed since the last injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), the previously administered Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose should be administered as soon as possible, then continue with the 3-month injections following this dose.
Missed dose > 4 months up to 9 months: If more than 4 months (up to 9 months) have elapsed since the last injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), do NOT administer the next dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza). Instead, use the re-initiation regimen shown in Table 2. (See Table 2.)

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Missed dose > 9 months: If more than 9 months have elapsed since the last injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), re-initiate treatment with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product as described in the prescribing information for that product. Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) can then be resumed after the patient has been adequately treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product for at least 4 months.
Administration information: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for foreign matter and discoloration prior to administration. Within 5 minutes prior to administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to the patient, it is important to shake the syringe vigorously for at least 15 seconds to ensure a homogeneous suspension (see Instructions for Use and Handling and Disposal under Cautions for Usages).
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is intended for intramuscular use only. Do not administer intravascularly or subcutaneously. Avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel. Each injection must be administered only by a health care professional. Administer the dose in a single injection; do not administer the dose in divided injections. Inject slowly, deep into the deltoid or gluteal muscle.
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) must be administered using only the thin wall needles that are provided in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) pack. Needles from the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product pack or other commercially-available needles are not to be used when administering Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
The recommended needle size for administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) into the deltoid muscle is determined by the patient's weight. For those ≥ 90 kg (≥ 200 lbs), the 1½-inch, 22 gauge thin wall needle is recommended. For those < 90 kg (< 200 lbs), the 1-inch, 22 gauge thin wall needle is recommended. Administer into the center of the deltoid muscle. Deltoid injections should be alternated between the two deltoid muscles.
The recommended needle size for administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) into the gluteal muscle regardless of body weight is the 1½-inch, 22 gauge thin wall needle. Administer into the upper-outer quadrant of the gluteal muscle. Gluteal injections should be alternated between the two gluteal muscles.
Since paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone, caution should be exercised when Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is co-administered with risperidone or with oral paliperidone for extended periods of time. Safety data involving concomitant use of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with other antipsychotics is limited.
Incomplete administration: To avoid an incomplete administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), ensure that the prefilled syringe is shaken vigorously for at least 15 seconds within 5 minutes prior to administration to ensure a homogeneous suspension (see Instructions for Use and Handling and Disposal under Cautions for Usage). However, in the event of an incompletely administered dose, do not re-inject the dose remaining in the syringe and do not administer another dose. Closely monitor and treat the patient appropriately until the next scheduled 3-month injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Special populations: Pediatrics (less than 18 years of age): Safety and effectiveness of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) in patients < 18 years of age have not been studied.
Elderly (65 years of age and older): In general, recommended dosing of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) for elderly patients with normal renal function is the same as for younger adult patients with normal renal function. As elderly patients may have reduced renal function, see Renal impairment as follows for dosing recommendations in patients with renal impairment.
Renal impairment: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) has not been systematically studied in patients with renal impairment (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). For patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥ 50 to < 80 mL/min), dose adjustment is done when initiating treatment with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product; no dose adjustment of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is required. Transition to Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is with a dose in a 3.5 to 1 ratio to the previous stabilized 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product as described in Dosage as previously mentioned. The maximum recommended dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) in patients with mild renal impairment is 350 mg.
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min).
Hepatic impairment: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Based on a study with oral paliperidone, no dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Paliperidone has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. (See Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions.)
Other populations: No dose adjustment for Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is recommended based on gender, race, or smoking status. (For pregnant women and nursing mothers, see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation.)
Switching from other antipsychotic agents: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is to be used only after the patient has been adequately treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product for at least 4 months (see Indications and Dosage & Administration).
If Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is discontinued, its prolonged-release characteristics must be considered. As recommended with other antipsychotic medications, the need for continuing existing extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) medication should be re-evaluated periodically.
Switching from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to the 1-Month Paliperidone Palmitate Injectable Product: For switching from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product, the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product should be administered at the time the next Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose was to be administered using the equivalent 3.5-fold lower dose as shown in Table 3. The 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product should then continue dosed at monthly intervals. (See Table 3.)

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Switching from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to Oral Paliperidone Extended-Release Tablets: For switching from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to oral paliperidone extended-release tablets, the daily dosing of the paliperidone extended-release tablets should be started 3 months after the last Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose and transitioned over the next several months following the last Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) dose as described in Table 4. Table 4 provides dose conversion regimens to allow patients previously stabilized on different doses of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to attain similar paliperidone exposure with once daily paliperidone extended-release tablets. (See Table 4.)

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Because Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is to be administered by health care professionals, the potential for overdosage by patients is low.
Symptoms and signs: In general, expected signs and symptoms are those resulting from an exaggeration of paliperidone's known pharmacological effects, i.e., drowsiness and sedation, tachycardia and hypotension, QT prolongation, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose with oral paliperidone. In the case of acute overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should be considered.
Treatment: Consideration should be given to the prolonged-release nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and the long apparent half-life of paliperidone when assessing treatment needs and recovery. There is no specific antidote to paliperidone. General supportive measures should be employed. Establish and maintain a clear airway and ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Cardiovascular monitoring should commence immediately and should include continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for possible arrhythmias. Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated with appropriate measures such as intravenous fluid and/or sympathomimetic agents. In case of severe extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic agents should be administered. Close supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers.

Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to paliperidone or to any of the components in the formulation. Since paliperidone is an active metabolite of risperidone, Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to risperidone.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), characterized by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels has been reported to occur with antipsychotic drugs, including paliperidone. Additional clinical signs may include myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis) and acute renal failure. If a patient develops signs or symptoms indicative of NMS, all antipsychotic drugs, including Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), should be discontinued. Consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Tardive dyskinesia/extrapyramidal symptoms: Drugs with dopamine receptor antagonistic properties have been associated with the induction of tardive dyskinesia characterized by rhythmical, involuntary movements, predominantly of the tongue and/or face. If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear, the discontinuation of all antipsychotic drugs, including Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), should be considered. Consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Extrapyramidal symptoms and psychostimulants: Caution is warranted in patients receiving both psychostimulants (e.g. methylphenidate) and paliperidone concomitantly, as extrapyramidal symptoms could emerge when adjusting one or both medications. Gradual withdrawal of one or both treatments should be considered (see Interactions).
QT interval: As with other antipsychotics, caution should be exercised when Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is prescribed in patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmias, in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, and in concomitant use with drugs known to prolong the QT interval (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Effect on QT/QTc interval and cardiac electrophysiology under Actions).
Hypersensitivity reactions: Anaphylactic reactions in patients who have previously tolerated oral risperidone or oral paliperidone have been very rarely reported during post marketing experience with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product (see Dosage & Administration and Adverse Reactions).
If hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue use of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza); initiate general supportive measures as clinically appropriate and monitor the patient until signs and symptoms resolve. (See Contraindications and Adverse Reactions).
Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus: Hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes have been reported during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Assessment of the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and glucose abnormalities is complicated by the possibility of an increased background risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in the general population. Given these confounders, the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and hyperglycemia-related adverse events is not completely understood. Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics, including Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. (See also Adverse Reactions).
Weight gain: Weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotic use. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended.
Orthostatic hypotension: Paliperidone may induce orthostatic hypotension in some patients based on its alpha-adrenergic blocking activity. Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction or ischemia, conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, or conditions that predispose the patient to hypotension (e.g., dehydration, hypovolemia, and treatment with antihypertensive medications).
Seizures: As with other antipsychotic drugs, Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or other conditions that potentially lower the seizure threshold.
Leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis: Events of leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported with antipsychotic agents, including paliperidone. Agranulocytosis has been reported very rarely (< 1/10000 patients) during postmarketing surveillance.
Patients with a history of a clinically significant low white blood cell count (WBC) or a drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia should be monitored during the first few months of therapy and discontinuation of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC in the absence of other causative factors.
Patients with clinically significant neutropenia should be carefully monitored for fever or other symptoms or signs of infection and treated promptly if such symptoms or signs occur. Patients with severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 1 X 10⁹/L) should discontinue Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and have their WBC followed until recovery.
Consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Venous thromboembolism: Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and preventive measures undertaken.
Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: Physicians should weigh the risks versus the benefits when prescribing antipsychotic drugs, including Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), to patients with Parkinson's Disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) since both groups may be at increased risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome as well as having an increased sensitivity to antipsychotic medications. Manifestation of this increased sensitivity can include confusion, obtundation, postural instability with frequent falls, in addition to extrapyramidal symptoms.
Priapism: Drugs with alpha-adrenergic blocking effects have been reported to induce priapism. Priapism has been reported with paliperidone during postmarketing surveillance (see Adverse Reactions).
Body temperature regulation: Disruption of the body's ability to reduce core body temperature has been attributed to antipsychotic agents. Appropriate care is advised when prescribing Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to patients who will be experiencing conditions which may contribute to an elevation in core body temperature, e.g., exercising strenuously, exposure to extreme heat, receiving concomitant medication with anticholinergic activity, or being subject to dehydration.
Antiemetic effect: An antiemetic effect was observed in preclinical studies with paliperidone. This effect, if it occurs in humans, may mask the signs and symptoms of overdosage with certain drugs or of conditions such as intestinal obstruction, Reye's syndrome, and brain tumor.
Administration: Care must be taken to avoid inadvertent injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) into a blood vessel.
Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) has been observed during cataract surgery in patients treated with medicines with alpha1a-adrenergic antagonist effect, such as Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) (see Adverse Reactions).
IFIS may increase the risk of eye complications during and after the operation. Current or past use of medicines with alpha1a-adrenergic antagonist effect should be made known to the ophthalmic surgeon in advance of surgery. The potential benefit of stopping alpha1 blocking therapy prior to cataract surgery has not been established and must be weighed against the risk of stopping the antipsychotic therapy.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) may interfere with activities requiring mental alertness and may have visual effects (see Adverse Reactions). Therefore, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery until their individual susceptibility is known.
Use in Elderly: Elderly patients with dementia: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) has not been studied in elderly patients with dementia.
Overall mortality: In a meta-analysis of 17 controlled clinical trials, elderly patients with dementia treated with other atypical antipsychotic drugs, including risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine, had an increased risk of mortality compared to placebo. Among those treated with risperidone, the mortality was 4% compared with 3.1% for placebo.
Cerebrovascular adverse events: In placebo-controlled trials in elderly patients with dementia treated with some atypical antipsychotic drugs, including risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine, there was a higher incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events (cerebrovascular accidents and transient ischemic attacks) including fatalities, compared to placebo.

Pregnancy: The safety of intramuscularly-injected paliperidone palmitate or orally-dosed paliperidone for use during human pregnancy has not been established.
A retrospective observational cohort study based on a US claims database compared the risk of congenital malformations for live births among women with and without antipsychotic use during the first trimester of pregnancy. Paliperidone, the active metabolite of risperidone, was not specifically evaluated in this study. The risk of congenital malformations with risperidone, after adjusting for confounder variables available in the database, was elevated compared to no antipsychotic exposure (relative risk = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02-1.56). No biological mechanism has been identified to explain these findings and teratogenic effects have not been observed in non-clinical studies. Based on the findings of this single observational study, a causal relationship between in utero exposure to risperidone and congenital malformations has not been established.
No teratogenic effect was noted in any animal study. Laboratory animals treated with a high dose of oral paliperidone showed a slight increase in fetal deaths. Pregnancy parameters were not affected in rats given the intramuscular injection of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product. The high doses were toxic to the mothers. The offspring was not affected at oral exposures 20- to 22-fold the maximum human dose of oral paliperidone or at intramuscular exposures 6-fold the maximum human dose of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product.
Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs (including paliperidone) during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms that may vary in severity following delivery. These symptoms in the neonates may include agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, or feeding disorder. Since paliperidone has been detected in plasma up to 18 months after a single-dose administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) as neonates may be at risk from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration before pregnancy or during first and second trimesters as well.
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits outweigh the risks. The effect of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) on labor and delivery in humans is unknown.
Breast-feeding: In animal studies with paliperidone and in human studies with risperidone, paliperidone was excreted in the milk. Therefore, women receiving Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should not breast-feed infants. Since paliperidone has been detected in plasma up to 18 months after a single-dose administration of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) as nursing infants may be at risk even from Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) administration long before nursing.

Throughout this section, adverse reactions are presented. Adverse reactions are adverse events that were considered to be reasonably associated with the use of paliperidone palmitate based on the comprehensive assessment of the available adverse event information. A causal relationship with paliperidone palmitate cannot be reliably established in individual cases. Further, because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Clinical trial data: The data described in this section include data from 3 clinical trials. One was a long-term relapse-prevention/randomized withdrawal trial, in which 506 subjects with schizophrenia received the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product during the open-label phase, of which 379 subjects continued to receive a single injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) during the open-label phase, and 160 subjects were subsequently randomized to receive at least one dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and 145 subjects received placebo during the double-blind placebo-controlled phase. The mean (Standard Deviation [SD]) duration of exposure during the double-blind phase was 150 (79) days in the placebo group and 175 (90) days in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group.
The second trial was a long-term double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority study, in which 1429 acutely ill subjects were enrolled into the open-label phase and treated with the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product. Subjects who met the randomization criteria were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to continue on monthly injections of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product (n=512) or to switch to Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) (n=504) for 48 weeks. The mean (SD) duration of exposure during the double-blind phase was 295 (88) days in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group and 287 (96) days in the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product group.
The third trial was a Phase 1 study, in which 308 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder received a single injection of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) concomitantly with other oral antipsychotics.
The majority of adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity.
Adverse reactions reported in the long-term relapse-prevention trial are shown in Table 5. (See Table 5.)

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Other clinical trial data: Paliperidone palmitate is hydrolyzed to paliperidone. Paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone, therefore, the adverse reaction profiles of these compounds (including both the oral and injectable formulations) are relevant to one another. This subsection includes additional adverse reactions reported with paliperidone and/or risperidone in clinical trials. Additional adverse reactions reported in clinical trials of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza), not included in Table 5, are shown in Table 6. (See Table 6.)

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Additional adverse reactions reported in other clinical trials of paliperidone and risperidone are shown in Table 7. (See Table 7.)

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Events of particular interest to the class: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): Data from the double-blind placebo-controlled phase of the long-term relapse prevention trial (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Clinical efficacy under Actions) showed that the incidence of EPS-related AEs was higher in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group (13 subjects [8.1%]) than in the placebo group (5 subjects [3.4%]). Evaluation of EPS included a pooled analysis of the following EPS groups: dyskinesia, dystonia, hyperkinesia, parkinsonism, and tremor.
Weight gain: In the double-blind placebo-controlled phase of the long-term relapse prevention trial, abnormal increases of ≥ 7% in body weight from double-blind baseline to double-blind end point were reported for 15 subjects (10%) in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group and 1 subject (1%) in the placebo group. Conversely, abnormal decreases in body weight (≥ 7%) from double-blind baseline to double blind end point were reported for 2 subjects (1%) in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group and 12 subjects (8%) in the placebo group. The mean changes in body weight from double-blind baseline to double-blind end point were +0.94 kg and -1.28 kg for the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and placebo groups, respectively.
Laboratory tests: serum prolactin: During the double-blind placebo-controlled phase of the long-term relapse prevention trial, elevations of prolactin to above the reference range (> 13.13 ng/mL in males and > 26.72 ng/mL in females) were noted in a higher percentage of males and females in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group than in the placebo group (9% vs. 3% and 5% vs. 3%, respectively). In the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group, the mean change from double-blind baseline to double-blind end point was +2.90 ng/mL for males (vs. -10.26 ng/mL in the placebo group) and +7.48 ng/mL for females (vs. -32.93 ng/mL in the placebo group). One female (2.4%) in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) group experienced an adverse reaction of amenorrhea, while no potentially prolactin-related adverse reactions were noted among females in the placebo group. There were no potentially prolactin-related adverse reactions among males in either group.
Postmarketing data: In addition to the adverse reactions reported during clinical studies and listed previously, the following adverse reactions have been reported during postmarketing experience with paliperidone and/or risperidone (see Table 8). In each table, the frequencies are provided according to the following convention: Very common ≥ 1/10; Common ≥ 1/100 and < 1/10; Uncommon ≥ 1/1000 and < 1/100; Rare ≥ 1/10000 and < 1/1000; Very rare < 1/10000, including isolated reports.
In Table 8, adverse reactions are presented by frequency category based on spontaneous reporting rates. (See Table 8.)

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Very rarely, cases of anaphylactic reaction after administration of the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product have been reported during postmarketing experience in patients who have previously tolerated oral risperidone or oral paliperidone.

Caution is advised when prescribing Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with drugs known to prolong the QT interval.
Since paliperidone palmitate is hydrolyzed to paliperidone (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions), results from studies with oral paliperidone should be taken into consideration when assessing drug-drug interaction potential.
Potential for Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) to affect other drugs: Paliperidone is not expected to cause clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions with drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P-450 isozymes. In vitro studies in human liver microsomes showed that paliperidone does not substantially inhibit the metabolism of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8/9/10, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. Therefore, paliperidone is not expected to inhibit clearance of drugs that are metabolized by these metabolic pathways in a clinically relevant manner. Paliperidone is also not expected to have enzyme inducing properties.
Paliperidone is a weak inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at high concentrations. No in vivo data are available and the clinical relevance is unknown. Given the primary CNS effects of paliperidone (see Adverse Reactions), Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be used with caution in combination with other centrally acting drugs and alcohol. Paliperidone may antagonize the effect of levodopa and other dopamine agonists. Because of its potential for inducing orthostatic hypotension (see Orthostatic hypotension under Precautions), an additive effect may be observed when Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is administered with other therapeutic agents that have this potential.
Co-administration of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets at steady-state (12 mg once daily) with divalproex sodium extended-release tablets (500 mg to 2000 mg once daily) did not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of valproate. Pharmacokinetic interaction between Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) and lithium is unlikely.
Potential for other drugs to affect Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza): Paliperidone is not a substrate of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5. This suggests that an interaction with inhibitors or inducers of these isozymes is unlikely. While in vitro studies indicate that CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 may be minimally involved in paliperidone metabolism, there are no indications in vitro nor in vivo that these isozymes play a significant role in the metabolism of paliperidone. In vitro studies have shown that paliperidone is a P-gp substrate.
Paliperidone is metabolized to a limited extent by CYP2D6 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism and excretion under Actions). In an interaction study in healthy subjects in which oral paliperidone was administered concomitantly with paroxetine, a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor, no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone were observed.
Co-administration of oral paliperidone extended release once daily with carbamazepine 200 mg twice daily caused a decrease of approximately 37% in the mean steady-state C_max and AUC of paliperidone. This decrease is caused, to a substantial degree, by a 35% increase in renal clearance of paliperidone likely as a result of induction of renal P-gp by carbamazepine. A minor decrease in the amount of drug excreted unchanged in the urine suggests that there was little effect on the CYP metabolism or bioavailability of paliperidone during carbamazepine co-administration. On initiation of carbamazepine, the dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be re-evaluated and increased if necessary. Conversely, on discontinuation of carbamazepine, the dose of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be re-evaluated and decreased if necessary. Consideration should be given to the long-acting nature of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Paliperidone, a cation under physiological pH, is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys, approximately half via filtration and half via active secretion. Concomitant administration of trimethoprim, a drug known to inhibit active renal cation drug transport, did not influence the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone.
Co-administration of a single dose of an oral paliperidone extended-release tablet 12 mg with divalproex sodium extended-release tablets (two 500 mg tablets once daily) resulted in an increase of approximately 50% in the C_max and AUC of paliperidone, likely the result of an increased oral absorption. Since no significant effect on the systemic clearance was observed, a clinically significant interaction would not be expected between divalproex sodium extended-release tablets and Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) intramuscular injection. This interaction has not been studied with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza).
Pharmacokinetic interaction between lithium and Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is unlikely.
Concomitant use of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with risperidone or with oral paliperidone: Since paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone, caution should be exercised when Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is coadministered with risperidone or with oral paliperidone for extended periods of time. Safety data involving concomitant use of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with other antipsychotics is limited.
Concomitant use of Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) with psychostimulants: The combined use of psychostimulants (e.g. methylphenidate) with paliperidone can lead to the emergence of extrapyramidal symptoms upon change of either or both treatments (see Precautions).

Incompatibilities: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should not be mixed with any other product or diluent and is intended for intramuscular administration directly from the syringe in which it is packaged.
Instruction for Use and Handling and Disposal: Administer once every 3 months.
Shake syringe vigorously for at least 15 seconds.
For intramuscular injection only.
Do not administer by any other route.
Important: Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) should be administered by a healthcare professional as a single injection. Do not divide dose into multiple injections.
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) is intended for intramuscular use only. Inject slowly, deep into the muscle taking care to avoid injection into a blood vessel.
Read complete instructions prior to use.
Dosing: This medication should be administered once every 3 months.
Preparation: Peel off tab label from the syringe and place in patient record.
Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) requires longer and more vigorous shaking than the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product. Shake the syringe vigorously, with the syringe tip pointing up, for at least 15 seconds within 5 minutes prior to administration (see Step 2 as follows).
Thin Wall Safety: Needle Selection: Thin wall safety needles are designed to be used with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza). Therefore, it is important to only use the needles provided in the Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza) kit.
Step 1: Select Needle: Needle selection is determined by injection area and patient weight.
If administering a Deltoid injection: If patient weighs: Less than 90kg: pink hub (22G x 1").
90 kg or more: yellow hub (22G x 1½").
If administering a Gluteal injection: Regardless of patient weight: yellow hub (22G x 1½").
Immediately discard the unused needle in an approved sharps container. Do not save for future use.
Step 2: Prepare for injection: Shake vigorously for at least 15 seconds.
With the syringe tip pointing up, shake vigorously with a loose wrist for at least 15 seconds to ensure a homogeneous suspension.
Note: This medication requires longer and more vigorous shaking than the 1-month paliperidone palmitate injectable product.
Proceed to the next step immediately after shaking. If more than 5 minutes pass before injection, shake vigorously, with the syringe tip pointing up, again for at least 15 seconds to re-suspend the medication.
Check suspension: After shaking the syringe for 15 seconds, check the liquid in the viewing window. The suspension should appear uniform and milky white in color.
It is also normal to see air bubbles.
Open needle pouch and remove cap: First, open needle pouch by peeling the cover back half way. Place on a clean surface.
Then, holding the syringe upright twist and pull the rubber cap to remove.
Grasp needle pouch: Fold back needle cover and plastic tray. Then, firmly grasp the needly sheath through the pouch.
Attach needle: With the other hand, hold the syringe by the luer connection and attach it to the safety needle with a gentle clockwise twisting motion.
Do not remove the pouch until the syringe and needle are securely attached.
Remove needle sheath: Pull the needle sheath away from the needle in a straight motion.
Do not twist the sheath, as this may loosen the needle from the syringe.
Remove air bubbles: Hold the syringe upright and tap gently to make any air bubbles rise to the top.
Remove air pressing the plunger rod upward carefully until a drop of liquid comes out of the needle tip.
Step 3: Inject: Inject dose: Slowly inject the entire contents of the syringe intramuscularly, deep into the selected deltoid or gluteal muscle.
Do not administer by any other route.
Step 4: After Injection: Secure the needle: After the injection is complete, use the thumb or a flat surface to secure the needle in the safety device.
The needle is secure when a "click" sound is heard.
Dispose properly: Dispose of the syringe and unused needle in an approved sharps container.
Thin wall safety needles are designed specifically for use with Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Trinza). Unused needle should be discarded and not saved for future use.

Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C.

Antipsychotics

N05AX13 - paliperidone ; Belongs to the class of other antipsychotics.

Rx